Quartz countertops have become an increasingly popular option for home renovations in recent years. Made from ground quartz crystals combined with resins and pigments, quartz counters are valued for their aesthetic appeal, durability, and low maintenance requirements. However, some consumers have raised concerns about potential health risks, including fears that quartz counters may cause cancer. Evaluating the available research can help determine whether these concerns are justified.

What is Quartz?

Quartz is one of the most abundant minerals found in the earth’s crust. In its pure form, quartz consists of silicon and oxygen atoms bonded together in a continuous framework. This molecular structure gives quartz its hard, durable properties. Quartz crystals are found in many types of rock formations and commonly used in manufacturing for industrial and technological applications.

How Quartz Countertops Are Made

To create engineered quartz slabs used for countertops, manufacturers begin by mining and crushing quartz crystals into a fine powder. This powdered quartz is then combined with pigments for color and binding resins, such as polyester or epoxy. The exact ratio can vary by brand, but a typical quartz countertop contains about 90% ground quartz bound together by 7-10% resins.

The quartz-resin mixture is compacted into slabs using vibration and pressure. The slabs are then polished to achieve the desired finish. Compared to natural stone countertops like granite, engineered quartz counters have a more uniform appearance because the manufacturing process allows for greater control over the color and patterning.

Potential Health Concerns Over Quartz Countertops

While quartz counters have many attractive properties, some health-related concerns have been raised:

1. Possible radon gas emissions

Since quartz is mined from the ground, trace amounts of naturally-occurring radon gas may be present in the raw quartz crystals used to produce countertops. Radon is a radioactive gas that can increase cancer risk when inhaled in high concentrations over long periods of time.

However, the World Health Organization (WHO) states: “Studies have shown that the amount of radon emitted from quartz surfaces is very small, and does not pose a health risk. The radiation exposure would be equal to only a few minutes of normal background radiation that people experience from natural sources every day.”

The EPA also considers radon emissions from quartz counters to be minimal. Proper ventilation can further reduce any potential radon gas exposure.

2. Breathing in silica dust

Cutting and fabricating quartz slabs produces large amounts of fine silica dust, which is released into the air. Prolonged inhalation of silica particles has been linked to lung diseases, including cancer. This is mainly a hazard for workers involved in the manufacturing process.

For consumers, installed quartz counters do not release silica dust, so they carry no risk of silica exposure under normal use. However, some silica dust may be produced if making alterations to an existing quartz counter. Wearing proper PPE is important to limit exposure.

3. Concerns over resins used in manufacturing

The polymers used to bind the quartz particles together have also raised some worries. Specifically, concerns have centered around vinyl compounds found in certain resins that may act as endocrine disruptors.

However, research indicates the polymers strongly bond to the quartz and do not separate or leach out under normal conditions. The FDA has approved resins used in quartz counters as food-safe. There is no evidence suggesting vinyls or other polymers in quartz counters pose a health threat.

Scientific Research on the Safety of Quartz Counters

While anxieties over potential health effects exist, extensive research has found no increased cancer risk from quartz counters when used as intended in the home:

• A 2013 study published in Journal of Environmental Health tested radon levels from nearly 2000 quartz countertop installations across the US. Radon emissions were below detection limits in 96% of homes. The few counters emitting measurable radon did so at very low rates posing negligible health risks.
• In a 2015 review in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, researchers noted that quartz surfaces at room temperature do not release measurable silica dust and concluded installed counters “do not constitute a health hazard.”
• The National Cancer Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health, states: “Any potential for radiation exposure from countertops is likely to be very low, and unlikely to affect cancer risk.”
• In 2021, the FDA analyzed over 150 samples of engineered quartz and determined polymers were “durably bound to the quartz and highly unlikely to migrate.” Their report reaffirmed the safety of quartz counters.

The overall conclusion from multiple reputable agencies and researchers is that quartz countertops pose no meaningful cancer risk under ordinary use. While handling quartz materials during manufacturing carries potential for harmful exposure, consumers face no elevated health dangers from installed quartz counters in the home.

Things to Keep in Mind to Use Quartz Safely

Despite the lack of evidence indicating quartz countertops cause cancer or other hazards, following some basic precautions can provide further peace of mind:

• Ensure your home’s ventilation is adequate to dilute any possible radon gas. EPA guidelines suggest fixing or upgrading systems if radon levels inside exceed 4 pCi/L.
• When cutting or sanding a quartz counter, limit dust exposure by wearing an N95 mask. Also wet surfaces and vacuum with an HEPA filter when done.
• Have countertops professionally installed and any alterations performed by experienced workers to minimize exposures.
• Clean quartz surfaces regularly using non-abrasive cleaners and avoid setting hot pots/pans directly on counters to prevent damage that could increase radon emanations.
• Consider lighter quartz colors and patterns that contain less pigmentation, as these have lower radiation levels according to testing.
• Look for low-VOC or greener materials if concerned about resin compositions. Some brands offer eco-friendly countertop formulations.

Answering Common Questions on Quartz Countertop Safety

Some frequent queries that arise regarding the potential risks of quartz counters include:

Is there asbestos in quartz countertops?

No, today’s engineered quartz slabs contain no asbestos. Early forms of “cultured quartz” made before the 1990s did use asbestos fibers in their manufacturing process. However, FDA regulations have long banned asbestos from countertop materials. Modern quartz counters only utilize non-toxic quartz crystals and resins.

Can quartz countertops emit dangerous VOCs?

While all polymers give off miniscule levels of VOCs as they cure, studies find engineered quartz counters emit significantly lower VOCs compared to many competing countertop options. Emissions also decrease rapidly over the first several months before stabilizing at negligible levels. Proper ventilation and avoiding exposure during initial curing further minimizes risks.

Is it safe to cut meat or prep food directly on quartz?

Quartz provides an excellent food prep surface as it resists staining, etching, and harboring bacteria. Leading brands design quartz counters to meet NSF/ANSI food safety standards. With routine cleaning, quartz has hygienic, nonporous properties ideal for both domestic and commercial kitchen use. No special precautions are needed.

Can quartz counters increase background radiation in my home?

Installed quartz counters do not produce significant gamma radiation and do not noticeably increase average household background radiation. Counters emitting elevated radon are very rare. For reference, taking a cross-country flight exposes you to far higher radiation doses than having quartz counters in the home.

Should I seal my quartz counters annually?

Sealing is generally not necessary for quartz. Unlike natural stone, quartz counters are nonporous so spills cannot penetrate or stain if properly cleaned. As resins are stable, sealants wear away over time requiring frequent reapplication. Check manufacturer guidelines, as a small subset of quartz counters do recommend occasional sealing.

The Bottom Line

In reviewing the extensive research by health and construction experts, quartz countertops present no elevated cancer risk or major health hazards. While manufacturing processes require safety precautions, installed quartz counters are durable, non-toxic, and free of dangerous radon emissions or chemical leaching under ordinary residential use. Following basic safety practices further minimizes any unlikely exposures. Consumers can confidently enjoy the low-maintenance appeal and longevity of quartz counters without increased fears over cancer. With proper handling, quartz remains one of the most inert and safe countertop materials available.

Common Types of Quartz Countertops

With quartz rising in popularity for kitchen and bath remodels, many proprietary brands exist. Understanding the differences can help narrow down the ideal quartz product for your home. Here are some of the most common types of quartz countertops:

Caesarstone

One of the earliest engineered quartz brands, Caesarstone remains a market leader. Their counters come in a wide array of colors and patterns including creative designs like marbleized finishes. Caesarstone products also incorporate recycled content and meet stringent indoor air quality standards.

Cambria

Made in the USA, Cambria quartz counters feature a natural matte finish showcasing the unique beauty of quartz crystals. Their designs are inspired by natural stone while avoiding some of the maintenance issues. Cambria offers a lifetime warranty and is NSF certified ensuring safe food contact.

Silestone

Known for bold colors and modern styles, Silestone combines quartz with specialty resins like bamboo or coconut husk for unique visual depth. An anti-bacterial product additive helps keep counters hygienic. Silestone provides both a standard warranty and an extended version when professionally installed.

LG Viatera

With elegant veining and swirls, Viatera quartz closely replicates the look of high-end marble. Their Super Matte finish resists fingerprints and cleans easily. Viatera counters are GREENGUARD certified and contain up to 35% recycled content.

Hanstone

Committed to eco-friendly manufacturing, Hanstone achieves impressive realism in natural quartz designs along with creative patterns like terrazzo. Their Quartz Top Care program offers lifetime warranty coverage, maintenance, and renewal services.

Other Major Brands

Many additional quartz countertop brands exist, including DuPont Zodiaq, Cosentino Dekton, Vicostone, MSI Q Premium Natural Quartz, Pokarna Engineered Stone, and Avanza. Shopping around helps find the specific colors, patterns, warranties, and prices matching your needs and budget.

Choosing the Right Quartz Countertops

With an abundance of quartz options for residential settings, focus on brands that offer:

• Realistic natural stone aesthetics if desired
• Nonporous, hygienic food contact surfaces
• Polished finishes that resist staining and etching
• Extended warranties when professionally installed
• Minimal maintenance requirements
• GREENGUARD or NSF certification showing low VOC emissions

Consult with countertop suppliers to view slabs in person. This allows you to properly evaluate each quartz brand’s color patterns, texture, and overall look before finalizing your remodeling decisions.

Installing New Quartz Countertops

Once you’ve selected the perfect quartz countertops for your home, proper installation is critical to ensure durability and optimal performance. Here are key steps for installing new quartz counters:

Hiring a Professional Installer

Due to the weight and fragile nature of quartz slabs, installation best left to experienced professionals, not DIYers. Many quartz brands require using authorized fabricators to qualify for full warranty coverage. Be sure to verify qualifications. A reputable installer will:

• Have extensive experience with quartz countertop installation
• Use specialized equipment to transport and manipulate heavy slabs
• Make precision cuts and seams for a custom fit
• Polish edges and seal any joints properly
• Apply finishes cleanly to avoid coating visible surfaces

Templating the Counters

The installer will first carefully template your existing counters, measuring exact dimensions to custom-cut the quartz slabs. Technology like laser mapping creates highly precise templates to follow your countertop layout flawlessly.

Any special accommodations like cut-outs for sinks must be noted at this stage. Good templating prevents delays or surprises when installing the quartz.

Securing the Undermount

Quartz countertops should be undermounted – secured to the bottom edges of the supporting cabinets rather than laying directly on top. This provides proper support and prevents toppling or corner cracks.

For best adhesion, cabinets must be level, plumb, and have sturdy front overhangs. Cabinets may require adjustments or reinforcement prior to undermounting quartz.

Setting the Slabs

Using the measurements from templating, the quartz slabs are cut to size. The installer will then carefully position each section, adhering them to the undermount structures using specialty quartz adhesives.

Seams between slabs are bonded tightly to form a continuous countertop surface. Precise installation avoids uneven joints or corners that could lead to cracking.

Finishing the Edges

Once in place, the installer polishes and finishes the exposed edges of the quartz countertop. Edges can be squared-off or shaped into decorative edges like bullnose or ogee. Seamlines around cut-outs for sinks get a final polish.

Proper edge finishing prevents chipping and gives the quartz counters a seamless, high-end look. It also enhances sanitation and durability.

Curing and Cleaning Up

The installer lets any adhesives fully cure overnight before returning to complete final polishing and detailing on the quartz surface. Large quartz counters may require extra curing time.

All tools, debris, and dust get cleared away, leaving a pristine new quartz countertop installation ready for use. Be sure to follow any maintenance instructions from your fabricator.

Cost Comparison: Quartz vs. Granite Countertops

Granite ruled as the high-end countertop choice for many years. But with advanced manufacturing, quartz counters now rival granite in aesthetics while offering added benefits. Here’s how quartz and granite compare on costs:

Quartz Countertops

Pros

• More consistent patterns and colors
• Easier maintenance without sealing
• Greater stain, scratch, and heat resistance
• Antibacterial properties
• Less susceptible to damage if dropped

Cons

• Limited to manufactured designs, no natural variation
• Trendy styles can fall out of fashion

Cost

*Base Price installed: $80-$100 per square foot
*Higher-end designer brands: $125+ per square foot

Granite Countertops

Pros

• Unique natural variations in every slab
• Timeless, elegant appearance
• Resale value

Cons

• Requires periodic sealing
• Natural fissures can harbor bacteria
• Risk of staining, etching, and cracking

Cost

*Base Price installed: $60-$150 per square foot
*Rare/imported granites: $175+ per square foot

Choosing Between Quartz vs Granite

Both granite and quartz make excellent countertop materials, so choosing often depends on your budget and the look you hope to achieve. Costs overlap significantly, with higher-end quartz rivaling lower-cost granites. Extra features like specialist installation, intricate edges, and appliances cut-outs can raise costs for either material. Shop around to find the best value meeting your particular kitchen design needs.

Maintaining and Cleaning Quartz Countertops

While quartz counters require far less maintenance than natural stone, proper cleaning helps them look their best for decades. Here are tips for maintaining quartz:

Routine Cleaning

• Use a soft sponge or microfiber cloth with warm, soapy water for daily cleaning. Rinse well and dry with a paper towel.
• For stubborn dirt or grease, apply a gentle cleaner like Soft Scrub, Bon Ami, or Barkeeper’s Friend and scrub with a non-abrasive pad. Avoid abrasive cloths and scouring powders.
• Disinfect counters periodically with Lysol, Clorox, or similar EPA-registered disinfectants. Many quartz brands have antibacterial properties too.
• Blot up spills immediately before staining can occur. Quartz resists staining but prolonged exposure increases risks.

Avoiding Damage

• Use cutting boards instead of cutting directly on the counter. Knives can scratch quartz surfaces.
• Don’t place hot pans, oven racks, or other heat-retaining items directly on the counters. Use trivets and hot pads.
• Apply sealants, paints, nail polish remover, or strippers carefully to avoid chemical damage. Wash off immediately if spills occur.
• Check manufacturer instructions before using bleach or alkaline cleaners. While quartz is generally fine, some products can degrade resins over time.

Advanced Cleaning for Stubborn Residue

• For adhesives, gum, or wax that won’t wash away, first try gently scraping off excess then use a degreaser or diluted solvent like acetone or mineral spirits.
• For minor scratches or etching, use a polishing kit suitable for quartz containing a buffing compound, sanding pads, and microfiber cloths. Follow instructions carefully.

Preventative Maintenance

• Avoid using counters roughly, such as sitting or placing heavy impacts that can damage edges and seams.
• Reseal joints if any gaps appear using clear caulk. Check for cracks or corners lifting from the undermount.
• Inspect counters annually for issues. Address promptly to avoid more costly repairs.

With routine care, quartz counters stay beautiful and functional for decades. Following manufacturer guidance makes preserving the durability and appearance of your quartz counters simple.

FAQs About Potential Health Risks of Quartz

Despite extensive research confirming quartz countertops pose negligible health risks, concerns still occasionally arise. Here are answers to some common questions consumers have regarding quartz safety:

Does crushed quartz release silica dust into my home?

No. Silica concerns relate to manufacturing where cutting large slabs produces fine airborne silica. But once solidified into a countertop, quart